Debian ba za ta iya yin alfahari da aikinta kai tsaye ba bayan shigarwa. Wannan shine tsarin aiki wanda dole ne a fara saitawa, kuma wannan labarin zai gaya muku yadda ake yin shi.
Karanta kuma: Shahararren rarraba Linux
Saitin Debian
Saboda yawancin zaɓuɓɓuka don shigar da Debian (cibiyar sadarwar, asali, daga kafofin watsa labarun DVD), ba shi yiwuwa a tattara takaddun duniya, don haka wasu matakai a cikin wannan jagorar zasu shafi wasu sigogin tsarin aiki.
Mataki na 1: Haɓaka tsarin
Abu na farko da yakamata ayi bayan sanya tsarin shine sabunta shi. Amma wannan ya fi dacewa ga masu amfani waɗanda suka shigar da Debian daga kafofin watsa labarun DVD. Idan kun yi amfani da hanyar sadarwar, to duk sabbin sabbin abubuwa za a shigar dasu cikin OS.
- Bude "Terminal"ta hanyar rubuta sunanta a menu na tsarin kuma danna kan m alamar.
- Samu 'yancin superuser ta hanyar gudanar da umarni:
suda shigar da kalmar wucewa da aka kayyade yayin shigarwa tsarin.
Lura: lokacin shigar da kalmar wucewa, ba ya bayyana ta kowace hanya.
- Gudun umarni biyu a lokaci guda:
dace-da sabuntawa
samun cikakkiyar nasara - Sake kunna kwamfutarka don kammala sabunta tsarin. Don yin wannan, zaka iya "Terminal" gudanar da wadannan umarni:
sake yi
Bayan kwamfutar ta sake farawa, za a fara sabunta tsarin, saboda haka zaku iya zuwa mataki na gaba na gaba.
Duba kuma: Haɓaka Debian 8 zuwa juzu'i na 9
Mataki na 2: Sanya SUDO
sudo - Amfani da aka kirkireshi tare da burin baiwa kowane mai amfani shugaba hakkin sa. Kamar yadda kake gani, lokacin da aka sabunta tsarin ya zama dole a shigar da bayanan tushewannan na bukatar karin lokaci. Idan amfani sudo, zaku iya tsallake wannan aikin.
Don shigar da mai amfani a cikin tsarin sudo, dole, kasancewa cikin bayanan martaba tushegudu da umarnin:
dace-samu kafa sudo
Kayan aiki sudo shigar, amma don amfani da shi kuna buƙatar samun haƙƙoƙin. Zai fi sauƙi a yi wannan ta yin abubuwa masu zuwa:
adduser UserName sudo
Inda a maimakon "Sunan amfani dole ne ku shigar da sunan mai amfani ga wanda aka sanya haƙƙoƙin.
A ƙarshe, sake kunna tsarin don canje-canje ya yi aiki.
Duba kuma: Dokokin da Aka Amfani dasu akai akai a Linux Terminal
Mataki: 3: Tabbatar da Kuɗi
Bayan shigar da Debian, ana daidaita wuraren ajiya kawai don karɓar software na tushen budewa, amma wannan bai isa ya shigar da sabon sigar shirin da direbobi akan tsarin ba.
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don tsara ajiya don karɓar software na mallakar ta mallaka: ta amfani da shiri tare da keɓaɓɓen zanen zane da aiwatar da umarnin a cikin "Terminal".
Software & Sabuntawa
Don daidaita ajiya ta amfani da shirin GUI, yi waɗannan:
- Gudu Software & Sabuntawa daga menu na tsarin.
- Tab "Debian Software" Duba akwatunan kusa da waɗancan wuraren a maɓallin "babban", "bayar da gudummawa" da "ba kyauta".
- Daga cikin jerin abubuwanda aka saukar Zazzagewa daga Zaɓi uwar garken da ke da kusanci.
- Latsa maɓallin Latsa Rufe.
Bayan haka, shirin zai ba ku damar sabunta duk bayanan da ke akwai game da wurin ajiya - danna "Ka sake", sannan jira har zuwa ƙarshen aiwatar da ci gaba zuwa mataki na gaba.
Terminal
Idan saboda wasu dalilai ba ku sami damar yin amfani da shirin ba Software & Sabuntawa, sannan ana iya aiwatar da aiki iri ɗaya a ciki "Terminal". Ga abin da kuke buƙatar yi:
- Bude fayil ɗin wanda ya ƙunshi jerin dukkan wuraren ajiya. Don yin wannan, labarin zai yi amfani da editan rubutu Gedit, zaku iya shigar da wani a inda ya dace kungiyar.
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list - A cikin edita wanda ke buɗe, ƙara masu canji zuwa duka layuka "babban", "bayar da gudummawa" da "ba kyauta".
- Latsa maɓallin Latsa Ajiye.
- Rufe edita.
Duba kuma: Shahararrun marubutan rubutu don Linux
Sakamakon haka, fayil ɗinku ya kamata ya duba wani abu kamar haka:
Yanzu, don canje-canje don aiwatarwa, sabunta jerin abubuwan kunshe-kunshe tare da umarnin:
sudo dace-samu sabuntawa
Mataki na 4: dingara Bayanai
Ci gaba da taken ma'anar kuɗi, ana bada shawara don ƙara Baitulmali a cikin jerin. Ya ƙunshi sababbin sigogin software. Wannan fakitin ana ɗaukarsa gwaji ne, amma duk software ɗin da ke ciki sun tabbata. Bai shiga cikin asusun ajiyar kuɗi ba kawai saboda dalilin da aka ƙirƙira shi bayan an sake shi. Sabili da haka, idan kuna son sabunta direbobi, kernel da sauran software zuwa sabuwar sigar, kuna buƙatar haɗa kayan ajiya na Backports.
Kuna iya yin wannan kamar yadda yake Software & Sabuntawahaka kuma "Terminal". Bari muyi la’akari da duka hanyoyin daki daki daki daki.
Software & Sabuntawa
Don ƙara posasasshen Bayani na Amfani da amfani da Software & Sabuntawa kana buƙatar:
- Gudanar da shirin.
- Je zuwa shafin "Wasu Software".
- Latsa maɓallin Latsa "...Ara ...".
- A cikin layin APT shigar:
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian stretch-backports manyan abubuwan ba da gudummawa ba kyauta(na Debian 9)ko
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports manyan suna ba da kyauta(don Debian 8) - Latsa maɓallin Latsa "Sanya tushe".
Bayan ayyukan da aka yi, rufe taga shirin, ba da izinin sabunta bayanan.
Terminal
A "Terminal" Don ƙara gidan ajiya na Baitukawa, kuna buƙatar shigar da bayanai cikin fayil "kafofin.list". Don yin wannan:
- Bude fayil ɗin da ake so:
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list - A ciki, sanya siginar kwamfuta a ƙarshen layin ƙarshe kuma, ta latsa maɓallin sau biyu Shigar, shigar, sannan shigar da layin masu zuwa:
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian stretch-backports manyan abubuwan ba da gudummawa ba kyauta(na Debian 9)
deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/debian stretch-backports manyan kuɗaɗe suna ba da kyautako
deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports manyan suna ba da kyauta(don Debian 8)
deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports manyan suna ba da kyauta - Latsa maɓallin Latsa Ajiye.
- Rufe rubutun edita.
Don amfani da dukkan sigogin da aka shigar, sabunta jerin kunshin:
sudo dace-samu sabuntawa
Yanzu, don shigar da software daga wannan wurin ajiyar kayan cikin tsarin, yi amfani da umarni mai zuwa:
sudo dace-samu kafaffun-filatattun-filashin kaya [sunan kunshin](na Debian 9)
ko
sudo dace-samu kafa-jessie-backports [sunan kunshin](don Debian 8)
Inda a maimakon "[sunan kunshin]" shigar da sunan kunshin da kake son sanyawa.
Mataki na 5: Sanya murfin
Muhimmin sashi na tsarin shine rubutu. Akwai 'yan kaɗan da aka fara shigar da su a cikin Debian, don haka masu amfani waɗanda galibi ke aiki a cikin editan rubutu ko tare da hotuna a cikin shirin GIMP suna buƙatar sake cike jerin litattafan rubutu na yanzu. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, shirin Giya na iya yin aiki daidai ba tare da su ba.
Don shigar da rubutun da aka yi amfani da Windows, kuna buƙatar gudanar da umarni mai zuwa:
Sudo ya dace da samun ttf-freefont ttf-mscorefonts-installer
Hakanan zaka iya ƙara adana rubutu daga tsarin da aka saita:
sudo dace-samu shigar fonts-noto
Kuna iya shigar da sauran sauran rubutattun kalmomi ta hanyar neman su ta Intanet da kuma matsar da su babban fayil ".fonts"wannan shine tushen tsarin. Idan baku da wannan babban fayil, to ku kirkiri kanku.
Mataki na 6: Kafa font smoothing
Ta hanyar shigar da Debian, mai amfani na iya lura da rashin kyawun hana alƙaluman tsare-tsaren rubutu. Ana magance wannan matsala a sauƙaƙe - kuna buƙatar ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin sanyi na musamman. Ga yadda ake yi:
- A "Terminal" je zuwa directory "/ sauransu / fonts /". Don yin wannan, yi:
cd / sauransu / fonts / - Airƙiri sabon fayil mai suna "kwabarin.conf":
sudo gedit local.conf - A cikin edita da yake buɗe, shigar da rubutu mai zuwa:
rgb
gaskiya ne
alamomin haske
lcddefault
arya
~ / .fonts - Latsa maɓallin Latsa Ajiye da rufe edita.
Bayan wannan, fonts za su sami m smoothing al'ada cikin tsarin.
Mataki na 7: Daidaita Tsarin Kakakin
Wannan saiti yana buƙatar yin shi ba don duk masu amfani ba, amma kawai ga waɗanda suke jin sautin halayyar daga ɓangaren tsarin su. Gaskiyar ita ce a wasu majalisai ana ba zaɓin wannan zaɓi. Don gyara wannan lahani, kuna buƙatar:
- Bude fayil ɗin sanyi "fbdev-blacklist.conf":
sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/fbdev-blacklist.conf - A karshen, rubuta wannan layin:
baƙar magana pcspkr - Ajiye canje-canje kuma rufe edita.
Mun kawo a cikin kawai a koyaushe "abckrkr", wanda ke da alhakin sautin mai magana da tsarin, an sanya shi cikin jerin abubuwa, bi da bi, an daidaita matsalar.
Mataki na 8: Sanya Codecs
Tsarin Debian da aka shigar kawai ba shi da wasu codecs masu yawa, wannan ya faru saboda dacewar su. Saboda wannan, mai amfani ba zai iya hulɗa da tsarin sauti da bidiyo da yawa ba. Don gyara yanayin, kuna buƙatar shigar dasu. Don yin wannan:
- Gudun da umurnin:
sudo dace-samu shigar libavcodec-extra57 ffmpegYayin aiwatar da shigarwa, kuna buƙatar tabbatar da aikin ta hanyar buga alama akan allon keyboard D kuma danna Shigar.
- Yanzu kuna buƙatar shigar da ƙarin kodi, amma suna cikin babban wurin ajiya, don haka kuna buƙatar ƙara shi zuwa tsarin farko. Don yin wannan, aiwatar da umarni uku bi da bi:
su(na Debian 9)
echo "# Debian Multimedia
deb ftp://ftp.deb-multimedia.org shimfiɗa manyan marasa kyauta "> '/etc/apt/sources.list.d/deb-multimedia.list'ko
su(don Debian 8)
echo "# Debian Multimedia
deb ftp://ftp.deb-multimedia.org jessie main marasa kyautawa "> '/etc/apt/sources.list.d/deb-multimedia.list' - Sabunta ajiya:
sabuntawaA cikin sakamakon, zaku iya lura cewa kuskure ya faru - tsarin ba zai iya samun dama ga maɓallin ajiya na GPG ba.
Don gyara wannan, gudanar da wannan umarni:
mabuɗin maɓallin badawa --recv-key --keyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu 5C808C2B65558117
Lura: a cikin wasu gine-ginen na Debian, ana amfani da “dirmngr”, saboda wannan umarnin ya gaza. Dole ne a shigar dashi ta hanyar gudanar da umarnin "sudo apt-get install dirmngr".
- Duba in an gyara kuskuren:
sabuntawa
Mun ga cewa babu wani kuskure, don haka an kara wurin ajiye kayan cikin nasara.
- Shigar da mahimman codecs ta gudu umarnin:
dasa libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfaac0 alsamixergui twolame libmp3lame0 libdvdnav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2 w64codecs(don tsarin 64-bit)ko
dasa libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfaac0 alsamixergui twolame libmp3lame0 libdvdnav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2(don tsarin 32-bit)
Bayan an kammala dukkan maki, zaku shigar da dukkan mahimman codecs a cikin tsarin ku. Amma wannan ba ƙarshen saitin Debian ba ne.
Mataki na 9: Sanya Flash Player
Wadanda suka saba da Linux sun san cewa masu ƙirƙirar Flash Flash ba su sabunta samfurin su akan wannan dandamali na dogon lokaci. Sabili da haka, kuma saboda wannan aikace-aikacen na mallakarmu ne, ba ya cikin rarrabuwa masu yawa ba. Amma akwai hanya mai sauƙi don shigar da shi akan Debian.
Don shigar da Adobe Flash Player kana bukatar ka yi:
sudo dace-samu kafa flashplugin-marasa kyauta
Bayan haka, za a shigar. Amma idan zaku yi amfani da kayan bincike na Chromium, to sai ku sake kunna wani umarni:
sudo dace-samu shigar da ɗanɗanar barkono-mara kyauta
Don Mozilla Firefox, umurnin ya bambanta:
sudo dace-samu shigar da flashplayer-mozilla
Yanzu duk abubuwan yanar gizon da aka haɓaka ta amfani da Flash za su kasance a gare ku.
Mataki na 10: Sanya Java
Idan kana son tsarinka ya nuna abubuwan da aka yi a cikin yaren Java na shirye-shiryensu daidai, dole ne ka sanya wannan kayan aikin a kan OS dinka. Don yin wannan, gudanar da umarni ɗaya kawai:
sudo dace-samu shigar tsoho-jre
Bayan kisan, zaku karɓi juzu'i na Yanayin Runtime Java. Amma abin takaici, bai dace ba don ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen Java. Idan kana buƙatar wannan zaɓin, to, shigar da Kayan Ci gaban Java:
sudo dace-samu shigar tsoho-jdk
Mataki na 11: Shigar da Aikace-aikace
Ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da sigar tebur kawai na tsarin aiki "Terminal"lokacin da zai yuwu a yi amfani da sofiti tare da keken zane. Muna ba ku tsarin software da aka ba da shawarar shigarwa a cikin tsarin.
- evince - yana aiki tare da fayilolin PDF;
- vlc - Mashahurin wasan bidiyo;
- fayil-fayil - gidan adana bayanai;
- Bilki - tsaftace tsarin;
- gimp - edita mai hoto (analog of Photoshop);
- Clementine - waƙar kiɗa;
- ɓoye - kalkuleta;
- harbi - shirin kallon hotuna;
- gparted - edita na faifai faifai;
- diodon - manajan allo;
- mai yanke hukuncin-marubuci - sarrafa kalmomin;
- libreoffice-calc - mai sarrafa tebur.
Wasu shirye-shirye daga wannan jerin za'a iya shigar dasu akan tsarin aikin ku, duk ya dogara da ginin.
Don shigar kowane aikace-aikace ɗaya daga cikin jerin, yi amfani da umarnin:
sudo dace-samu shigar ProgramName
Inda a maimakon "ShirinName" sauya sunan shirin.
Don shigar da aikace-aikace gaba ɗaya, kawai jerin sunayensu tare da sarari:
sudo mai dace-samu shigar fayil-roller evince diodon qalculate clementine vlc gimp shotwell gparted libreoffice-marubuci
Bayan an kashe umarnin, zazzagewa mai tsayi da za a fara, wanda a sa'an nan za a shigar da dukkan kayan aikin da aka ƙera.
Mataki na 12: Shigar da Direbobi a Katin Zane
Shigar da direba na katin kwastomomi na Debian tsari ne wanda nasarar sa ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, musamman idan kuna da AMD. Abin farin, a maimakon yin cikakken bincike game da duk zurfin tunanin da aiwatar da umarnin da yawa a cikin "Terminal", zaka iya amfani da takamaiman rubutu wanda yake saukarwa da sanya komai akan kansa. Game da shi yanzu ne zamuyi magana.
Mahimmanci: lokacin shigar da direbobi, rubutun yana rufe dukkan hanyoyin sarrafawa na taga, don haka kafin aiwatar da umarnin, adana dukkan abubuwanda ake buƙata.
- Bude "Terminal" kuma je zuwa ga shugabanci "bin"abin da ke cikin tushen bangare:
cd / usr / gida / bin - Zazzage rubutun daga gidan yanar gizon hukuma sgfxi:
sudo wget -Nc smxi.org/sgfxi - Ka ba shi ikon zartar:
sudo chmod + x sgfxi - Yanzu kuna buƙatar zuwa wajan wasan bidiyo mai amfani. Don yin wannan, danna haɗin maɓallin Ctrl + Alt + F3.
- Shigar da sunan mai amfani da kalmar wucewa.
- Nemi gata mafi kyau:
su - Gudanar da rubutun ta hanyar gudanar da umarnin:
sgfxi - A wannan gaba, rubutun zai bincika kayan aikinka kuma ya ba da damar shigar da sabon direban sigar a kai. Kuna iya ficewa kuma zaɓi sigar da kanku ta amfani da umarnin:
sgfxi -o [irin direban]Lura: zaku iya gano duk samammun sigogin don shigarwa ta amfani da umarnin "sgfxi -h".
Bayan duk ayyukan da aka yi, rubutun zai fara saukarwa da shigar da direban da aka zaɓa. Dole ne ku jira kawai har zuwa ƙarshen aiwatar.
Idan saboda wasu dalilai kun yanke shawarar cire direban da aka sanya, zaku iya yin wannan ta amfani da umarnin:
sgfxi -n
Matsaloli masu yiwuwa
Kamar kowane software, da rubutun sgfxi yana da aibi. Lokacin aiwatar da shi, wasu kurakurai na iya faruwa. Yanzu za mu bincika mafi mashahuri daga cikinsu kuma mu ba da umarni don kawar da su.
- Ba a sami nasarar cire tsarin na Nouveau ba.. Warware matsalar abu ne mai sauki - kuna buƙatar sake kunna kwamfutar kuma ku sake fara rubutun.
- Consoles na gari zasu canza ta atomatik. Idan yayin tsarin shigarwa zaka ga sabon na'ura wasan bidiyo a allon, to saika sake fara tsarin kawai ka koma wanda ya gabata ta latsawa. Ctrl + Alt + F3.
- Sharaɗi a farkon farkon aikin yana haifar da kuskure. A mafi yawan lokuta, wannan ya faru ne saboda kunshin da aka ɓace daga tsarin. "gina-mahimmanci". Rubutun yana saukar dashi ta atomatik yayin shigarwa, amma akwai kuma masu kulawa. Don magance matsalar, shigar da kunshin da kanka ta shigar da umarnin:
dace-samu kafa gini mai mahimmanci
Waɗannan sune matsalolin da akafi amfani dasu lokacin gudanar da rubutun, idan baku sami naku a tsakanin su ba, to zaku iya sanin kanku da cikakken sigar jagorar, wacce ke shafin yanar gizon official na mai haɓakawa.
Mataki na 13: Kafa NumLock Kai tsaye
Dukkanin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin an riga an tsara su, amma a ƙarshe ya cancanci gaya yadda za a saita hada-hada ta atomatik na lambobin dijital na NumLock. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin rarraba Debian, ta hanyar tsoho, ba a daidaita wannan sigar ba, kuma dole ne a kunna allon kowane lokaci da kansa lokacin da tsarin ya fara.
Don haka, don tsarawa, kuna buƙatar:
- Sauke kunshin "lambar lamido". Don yin wannan, shigar da "Terminal" wannan umarni:
sudo dace-samu kafa lamba - Bude fayil ɗin sanyi "Tsohuwa". Wannan fayil ɗin yana da alhakin aiwatar da umarni ta atomatik lokacin da kwamfutar ta fara.
sudo gedit / sauransu / gdm3 / Init / Tsoffin - Saka rubutu mai zuwa cikin layi gaban sigogi "fita 0":
idan [-x / usr / bin / numlockx]; to
/ usr / bin / lamba / kunna
fi - Ajiye canje-canje kuma rufe edita rubutu.
Yanzu, lokacin da kwamfutar ta fara, kwamitin dijital zai kunna ta atomatik.
Kammalawa
Bayan an kammala duk abubuwan da ke cikin jagorar daidaitawar Debian, zaku sami kayan rarraba wanda yake cikakke ba kawai don magance ayyukan yau da kullun na mai amfani ba, har ma don aiki kan kwamfuta. Zai dace a fayyace cewa saitunan da ke sama su ne na asali, kuma tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun da aka haɗa abubuwan haɗin tsarin kawai.
