SAITIN HANYAR SADARWA A UBUNTU

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Yawancin masu amfani suna da matsaloli don saita hanyar haɗin Intanet a Ubuntu. Mafi yawan lokuta wannan shine saboda rashin kwarewa, amma akwai wasu dalilai. Labarin zai ba da umarni kan yadda ake saita nau'ikan haɗin haɗin kai tare da yin cikakken bayani game da duk matsalolin rikice-rikice yayin kisan.

Kafa hanyar sadarwa a Ubuntu

Akwai nau'ikan haɗin Intanet da yawa, amma wannan labarin zai rufe waɗanda suka fi shahara: cibiyar sadarwa, PPPoE, da DIAL-UP. Hakanan zamuyi magana game da daidaitaccen tsari na sabar DNS.

Karanta kuma:
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Ayyukan Shirya

Kafin ka fara kafa hanyar haɗi, ya kamata ka tabbata cewa tsarinka yana shirye don wannan. Ya kamata nan da nan a fayyace cewa umarnin da aka aiwatar a cikin "Terminal", an kasu kashi biyu: ana buƙatar haƙƙin mai amfani (wata alama ce za ta gabace shi $) da kuma buƙatar hakkokin superuser (a farkon akwai alama #) Kula da wannan, saboda ba tare da haƙƙin da ake buƙata ba, yawancin ƙungiyoyi kawai sun ƙi aiwatar da hukuncin. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a bayyana cewa haruffan kansu a ciki "Terminal" babu bukatar shiga.

Kuna buƙatar aiwatar da maki dayawa:

Tabbatar cewa an kashe kayan amfani da hanyar sadarwa zuwa atomatik. Misali, daidaitawa ta hanyar "Terminal"An ba da shawarar cewa ka kashe Mai sarrafa Yanar sadarwar (gunkin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin ɓangaren dama na sama).
Lura: Ya danganta da matsayin haɗin, Mai sarrafa Mai Hanyar hanyar sadarwa na iya bayyana daban, amma koyaushe yana a hagu na mashaya harshe.
Don kashe mai amfani, gudanar da wannan umarnin:
$ sudo tasha na cibiyar sadarwa
Kuma don gudu, zaka iya amfani da wannan:
$ sudo fara cibiyar sadarwa-mai sarrafawa
Tabbatar cewa an daidaita sigogin cibiyar yanar sadarwar daidai, kuma bazai shiga cikin kowane yanayi ba lokacin da aka kafa cibiyar sadarwar.
Rike tare da ku zama dole takardun daga mai bayarwa, wanda ke nuna bayanan da suka wajaba don saita haɗin Intanet.
Bincika direban katin sadarwa da haɗin kebul na mai bada.

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, dole ne ka san sunan adaftar na cibiyar sadarwa. Don ganowa, rubuta a ciki "Terminal" wannan layin:

$ sudo lshw -C network

A sakamakon haka, zaku ga wani abu kamar haka:

Duba kuma: Dokokin da Aka Amfani dasu akai akai a Linux Terminal

Sunan adaftarka na cibiyar sadarwarka zai zama akasin kalmar "ma'ana suna". A wannan yanayin "enp3s0". Wannan sunan ne wanda zai bayyana a labarin, yana iya zama daban a gare ku.

Lura: idan an shigar da adap na cibiyar sadarwa da yawa a kwamfutarka, za a ƙidaya su daidai (enp3s0, enp3s1, enp3s2, da sauransu). Yanke shawarar wanda zakuyi aiki tare dashi kuma kuyi amfani dashi a tsarin saiti mai zuwa.

Hanyar 1: Terminal

"Terminal" kayan aiki ne na duniya don daidaita komai a cikin Ubuntu. Tare da taimakonsa zai iya yiwuwa a kafa hanyar sadarwa ta yanar gizo ta kowane nau'in, wanda za'a tattauna a yanzu.

Saitin cibiyar sadarwa

Kafa hanyar sadarwa a cikin Ubuntu ana yi ta ƙara sabbin sigogi ga fayil ɗin sanyi "musayar wurare". Saboda haka, da farko kuna buƙatar buɗe wannan fayil ɗin:

$ sudo gedit / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya

Lura: umarnin yana amfani da editan rubutun Gedit don buɗe fayil ɗin sanyi, amma zaku iya ƙayyade kowane edita a cikin sashin da ya dace, misali, vi.

Duba kuma: Shahararrun marubutan rubutu don Linux

Yanzu kuna buƙatar yanke shawarar irin nau'in IP wanda mai ba ku ku ke da shi. Akwai iri biyu: na tsaye da ƙarfi. Idan baku sani ba daidai, to, kira wadancan. goyi baya da tuntuɓi mai aiki.

Da farko, bari mu magance IP mai tsauri - Tsarin sa ya zama mafi sauki. Bayan shigar da umarni na baya, a cikin fayil wanda zai bude, saka masu canji masu zuwa:

iface [sunan dubawa] inet dhcp auto [sunan neman karamin aiki]

Ina:

iface [sunan dubawa] inet dhcp - yana nufin zaɓi da aka zaɓa wanda ke da adireshin IP mai ƙarfi (dhcp);
auto [sunan neman karamin aiki] - a ƙofar zuwa tsarin yana sanya haɗin kai tsaye zuwa ƙayyadaddden ke dubawa tare da duk sigogi da aka ƙayyade.

Bayan shigarku yakamata ku sami wani abu kamar haka:

Kar a manta don adana duk canje-canje da aka yi ta danna maɓallin dacewa a saman ɓangaren dama na edita.

Static IP shine mafi rikitarwa don saitawa. Babban abu shine sanin dukkan masu canji. A cikin fayil ɗin sanyi, kuna buƙatar shigar da layuka masu zuwa:

iface [sunan dubawa] inet static adireshi [adireshi] netmask [address] ƙofa [adireshin] dns-nameservers [address] auto [sunan neman karamin aiki]

Ina:

iface [sunan dubawa] inet static - Yana bayyana adireshin IP na adaftar azaman tsayayye;
adireshi [adireshi] - kayyade adireshin tashar tashar ethernet ku a cikin kwamfutar;
Lura: Kuna iya gano adireshin IP ta gudanar da ifconfig umurnin. A cikin fitarwa, kuna buƙatar duba darajar bayan "inet addr" - wannan shine adireshin tashar jiragen ruwa.
netmask [address] - yana bayyana abin rufe fuska;
ƙofa [adireshin] - yana nuna adireshin ƙofar;
dns-nameservers [address] - yana bayyana sabar DNS;
auto [sunan neman karamin aiki] - yana haɗuwa da katin cibiyar sadarwa da aka ƙayyade lokacin da OS ke farawa.

Bayan ka shiga dukkan sigogi, zaka ga wani abu kamar haka:

Kar a manta don adana duk sigogin da aka shigar kafin rufe rubutun edita.

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, a cikin Ubuntu OS, za ku iya saita haɗin Intanet na ɗan lokaci. Ya bambanta cikin cewa ƙayyadadden bayanan baya canza fayilolin sanyi a kowace hanya, kuma bayan sake kunna PC, duk saiti da aka ƙayyade a baya za'a sake saita su. Idan wannan ne karo na farko da kuke ƙoƙarin kafa hanyar haɗin on Ubuntu, yana da kyau ku fara amfani da wannan hanyar da farko.

An tsara duk sigogi ta amfani da umarni guda:

$ sudo ip addr ya kara 10.2.119.116/24 dev enp3s0

Ina:

10.2.119.116 - Adireshin IP na katin cibiyar sadarwa (yana iya zama daban a gare ku);
/24 - adadin ragowa a cikin sashin farkon adireshin;
enp3s0 - kebul na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke haɗa haɗin kebul na mai bada sabis.

Bayan shigar duk bayanan da suka zama dole kuma suna gudana umarni a ciki "Terminal", zaka iya bincika daidai. Idan Intanit ya bayyana akan PC, to, duk masu canji daidai ne, kuma za'a iya shigar dasu cikin fayil ɗin sanyi.

Saitin DNS

Kafa hanyar haɗin DNS a cikin sigogin Ubuntu daban-daban. A cikin sigogin OS fara daga 12.04 - hanya guda, a baya - wata. Zamuyi la'akari da tsinkayar haɗin kai tsaye kawai, tunda tsauri yana nuna ganowa atomatik na sabar DNS.

Yin juyawa a cikin sigogin OS sama da 12.04 yana faruwa a cikin fayil da aka riga aka sani "musayar wurare". Shigar da kirtani a ciki "dns-nameservers" kuma lissafta dabi'u ta hanyar sarari.

Don haka da farko bude ta "Terminal" fayil ɗin sanyi "musayar wurare":

$ sudo gedit / sauransu / cibiyar sadarwa / musaya

Na gaba, a cikin editan rubutun da zai bude, shigar da layin masu zuwa:

dns-nameservers [address]

A sakamakon haka, ya kamata ku sami wani abu kamar wannan, ƙimar kawai na iya bambanta:

Idan kuna son saita DNS a Ubuntu a baya, fayil ɗin sanyi zai bambanta. Bude shi ta hanyar "Terminal":

$ sudo gedit /etc/resolv.conf

Bayan zaku iya saita adireshin DNS mai mahimmanci a ciki. Ya kamata a la'akari da cewa, sabanin shigar da sigogi a ciki "musayar wurare"a ciki "kallafarinsu .." Ana rubuta adiresoshin kowane lokaci tare da sakin layi, ana amfani da prefix kafin ƙimar "sunan abu" (ba tare da ambato ba).

Saitin haɗin PPPoE

Tsarin PPPoE ta "Terminal" ba ya haifar da gabatarwar sigogi da yawa cikin fayilolin saiti a cikin kwamfuta. Akasin haka, ƙungiya ɗaya ce kawai za a yi amfani da ita.

Don haka, don samar da ma'amala-da-maki (PPPoE), kuna buƙatar yin waɗannan masu zuwa:

A "Terminal" kashe:
$ sudo pppoeconf
Jira har sai an bincika kwamfutar don na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa da masarrafan da ke da alaƙa da shi.
Lura: idan mai amfani bai samo tabon ba, to, duba idan an haɗa kebul ɗin mai bayar da haɗi daidai, daidai da madaidaicin modem, idan akwai.
A cikin taga wanda ya bayyana, zaɓi katin cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke haɗa haɗin kebul na mai ba da (idan kana da katin cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya, wannan taga zai tsallake).
A cikin "zaɓi sanannu" taga zaɓi, danna "Ee".
Shigar da login wanda aka bayar dashi sannan ka tabbatar da aikin. Sannan shigar da kalmar wucewa.
A cikin taga don zaɓar hanyar don tantance sabobin DNS, danna "Ee"idan adiresoshin IP suna da ƙarfi, kuma "A'a"idan a tsaye. A karo na biyu, shigar da uwar garken DNS da hannu.
Sannan mai amfani zai nemi izini don iyakance girman MSS zuwates ta 1452 - ba da izini ta danna "Ee".
A mataki na gaba, kuna buƙatar ba da izini don haɗa kai tsaye zuwa cibiyar sadarwar PPPoE lokacin da kwamfutar ta fara, ta dannawa "Ee".
A cikin taga na ƙarshe, mai amfani zai nemi izini don kafa haɗin kai tsaye - danna "Ee".

Bayan duk matakan da aka ɗauka, kwamfutarka za ta kafa hanyar haɗi zuwa Intanet, idan kun yi komai daidai.

Lura cewa tsohuwar amfani pppoeconf yana kira mahaɗin da aka ƙirƙira dsl-mai bayarwa. Idan kana buƙatar cire haɗin, yi "Terminal" oda:

$ sudo poff dsl-mai bayarwa

Don sake haɗa haɗin, shigar da:

$ sudo pon dsl-mai bayarwa

Lura: idan kun haɗi zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da amfani da pppoeconf, to, gudanarwar cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar Manajan cibiyar sadarwa ba zai yuwu ba, saboda haɗakar sigogi a cikin fayil ɗin "musaya". Don sake saita duk saiti da sarrafa iko zuwa Manajan cibiyar sadarwa, kuna buƙatar buɗe fayil ɗin "wurare" kuma maye gurbin duk abubuwan da ke ciki tare da rubutun da ke ƙasa. Bayan shigar da ajiyayyun canje-canje kuma sake kunna cibiyar sadarwa tare da umarnin "$ sudo /etc/init.d/networking sake kunnawa" (ba tare da ambaton ba). Hakanan sake kunna mai amfani da hanyar sadarwar ta hanyar gudanar da "$ sudo /etc/init.d/NetworkManager sake kunnawa" (ba tare da ambato ba).

Haɗin haɗin DIAL-UP

Idan za a saita DIAL-UP, zaka iya amfani da kayan amfani da na'ura wasan bidiyo guda biyu: pppconfig da wvdial.

Kafa hanyar haɗi ta amfani da pppconfig mai sauki isa. Gabaɗaya, wannan hanyar tana kama da wanda ta gabata (pppoeconf): za a tambaye ku tambayoyin guda ɗaya, kuna ba da amsa wanda a ƙarshen za ku kafa haɗin Intanet. Da farko gudanar da amfani da kanta:

$ sudo pppconfig

Sannan bi umarnin. Idan baku san wasu daga cikin amsoshin ba, yana da kyau a tuntuɓi mai rukunin waɗancan. goyi bayan mai ba ku shawara tare da shi. Bayan an kammala dukkan saitunan, haɗin haɗin zai kasance.

Game da kafa tare da wvdialsannan zai faru da wuya kadan. Da farko kuna buƙatar shigar da kunshin da kanta ta "Terminal". Don yin wannan, gudanar da umarni mai zuwa:

$ sudo dace da wvdial

Ya haɗa da amfani mai amfani don saitin atomatik na duk sigogi. Ta kira "wvdialconf". Gudu dashi:

$ sudo wvdialconf

Bayan kisan sa a ciki "Terminal" Yawancin sigogi da halaye za a nuna su - babu buƙatar fahimtar su. Kuna buƙatar kawai sanin cewa mai amfani ya ƙirƙiri fayil na musamman "wvdial.conf", wanda ya shigar da sigogi masu mahimmanci ta atomatik ta hanyar karanta su daga modem. Abu na gaba, kuna buƙatar shirya fayil ɗin da aka ƙirƙira "wvdial.conf"bude ta "Terminal":

$ sudo gedit /etc/wvdial.conf

Kamar yadda kake gani, yawancin saitunan an riga an rubuta su, amma maki uku na ƙarshe har yanzu suna buƙatar ƙarawa. Kuna buƙatar yin rajista a cikinsu lambar wayar, sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri, bi da bi. Koyaya, kada ku rush don rufe fayil ɗin; don ƙarin aiki mai dacewa, ana bada shawara don ƙara ƙarin sigogi:

Bayanai marasa aiki = 0 - ba za a katse haɗin ba ko da tare da tsawan lokacin rashin aiki a kwamfutar;
Gwajin kira = 0 - yana yin ƙoƙari mara iyaka don kafa haɗi;
Umarnin Dial = ATDP - za'ayi bugu zazzagewa ta hanyar bugun jini.

A sakamakon haka, fayil ɗin sanyi zai yi kama da wannan:

Lura cewa tsarin ya kasu kashi biyu, mai suna ta hanyar sunaye. Wannan ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar juzu'i biyu na amfani da sigogi. Don haka, sigogi a ƙarƙashin "[Hadisai na Dialer]"koyaushe za a kashe shi, amma a ƙarƙashin "[Dialer puls]" - lokacin ƙayyade zaɓin da ya dace a cikin umurnin.

Bayan an gama dukkan saiti, don kafa hanyar DALIYA-UP, kuna buƙatar gudanar da wannan umarnin:

$ sudo wvdial

Idan kana son kafa tushen bugun gini, to sai a rubuta mai zuwa:

$ sudo wvdial bugun jini

Don karya haɗin haɗin, a "Terminal" buƙatar danna maɓallin key Ctrl + C.

Hanyar 2: Mai sarrafa hanyar sadarwa

Ubuntu yana da amfani na musamman wanda ke taimakawa tabbatar da haɗin yawancin nau'ikan. Bugu da kari, yana da zane mai zane. Wannan shi ne Manajan cibiyar sadarwar, wanda ake kira ta danna kan madogara mai dacewa a ɓangaren dama na saman kwamitin.

Saitin cibiyar sadarwa

Mun fara daidai iri ɗaya tare da saitin cibiyar sadarwa. Da farko kuna buƙatar buɗe mai amfani da kanta. Don yin wannan, danna kan maballinsa kuma danna Canja Haɗa a cikin mahallin menu. Na gaba, a cikin taga wanda ya bayyana, yi abubuwa masu zuwa:

Danna maballin .Ara.
A cikin taga da ke bayyana, daga cikin jerin faɗakarwar, zaɓi Ethernet kuma danna "Kirkira ...".
A cikin sabon taga, saka sunan haɗin a cikin filin shigar da yayi daidai.
A cikin shafin Ethernet daga jerin fadada kasa "Na'ura" tantance katin sadarwar da za ayi amfani da ita.
Je zuwa shafin "Janar" kuma duba akwatunan kusa da abubuwan "Haɗa kai tsaye zuwa wannan cibiyar sadarwar ta atomatik lokacin da aka samo shi." da "Duk masu amfani zasu iya yin haɗin zuwa wannan hanyar sadarwa".
A cikin shafin Saitin IPv4 tantance yadda za'a tsara "Kai tsaye (DHCP)" - don kyakyawar aiki mai amfani. Idan a tsaye yake, dole ne ka zaɓi "Da hannu" kuma tantance duk mahimman abubuwan da mai bada ya tanadar maka.
Latsa maɓallin Latsa Ajiye.

Bayan duk matakan da aka yi, ya kamata a kafa haɗin haɗin yanar gizo. Idan wannan bai faru ba, duba duk sigogin da aka shigar, wataƙila kun yi kuskure wani wuri. Hakanan kar a manta a bincika ko alamar ta kasance a gabanin. Hanyar sadarwa a cikin jerin zaɓi na tushen amfani.

Wani lokaci yana taimakawa sake kunna kwamfutar.

Saitin DNS

Don kafa haɗi, kuna buƙatar buƙatar saita sabobin DNS da hannu. Don yin wannan, yi waɗannan masu biyowa:

Bude taga hanyar sadarwar cibiyar sadarwa a Manajan cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar zaba daga menu mai amfani Canja Haɗa.
A taga na gaba, haskaka hanyar da aka kirkira a baya sannan ka latsa LMB "Canza".
Na gaba, je zuwa shafin Saitin IPv4 kuma a cikin jerin "Kafa Hanyar" danna "Atomatik (DHCP, adireshin kawai)". Sannan a layi DNS Servers shigar da bayanan da suka dace, sannan danna maɓallin Ajiye.

Bayan haka, ana iya ɗaukar tsarin DNS cikakke cikakke. Idan babu canje-canje, to gwada sake kunna kwamfutar don suyi aiki.

Tsarin PPPoE

Kafa hanyar haɗin PPPoE a cikin Mai sarrafa hanyar sadarwa tana da sauƙi kamar yadda yake cikin "Terminal". A zahiri, kuna buƙatar ƙayyade kawai shiga da kalmar sirri da aka karɓa daga mai bada. Amma ka yi la’akari da ƙarin bayanai.

Buɗe taga don duk haɗin haɗi ta danna maɓallin alamar mahaɗin cibiyar sadarwa da zaɓi Canja Haɗa.
Danna kan .Ara, sannan daga cikin jerin zaɓi, zaɓi "Dsl". Bayan dannawa "Kirkira ...".
A cikin taga wanda ya bayyana, shigar da sunan haɗin da za a nuna a menu mai amfani.
A cikin shafin "Dsl" rubuta sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri a cikin filayen da suka dace. Ba dole ba ne, kuma zaka iya saka sunan sabis, amma wannan ba na tilas bane.
Je zuwa shafin "Janar" kuma duba akwatunan kusa da abubuwa biyu na farko.
A cikin shafin Ethernet a cikin jerin jerin jerin "Na'ura" Bayyana katin sadarwarka.
Je zuwa Saitin IPv4 kuma ayyana hanyar saitin azaman "Na atomatik (PPPoE)" da adana zaɓinka na ta danna maballin da ya dace. Idan kuna buƙatar shigar da sabar DNS da hannu, zaɓi "Kai tsaye (PPPoE, address kawai)" kuma saita sigogin da suka wajaba, saika latsa Ajiye. Kuma a cikin taron cewa kuna buƙatar shigar da duk saiti da hannu, zaɓi abu na wannan sunan kuma shigar da su a cikin filayen da suka dace.

Yanzu sabon haɗin DSL ya bayyana a menu na Manajan cibiyar sadarwa, zaɓi wanda zaku samu damar Intanet. Ka tuna cewa wani lokacin kana buƙatar sake kunna kwamfutarka don canje-canjen suyi aiki.

Kammalawa

Sakamakon haka, zamu iya cewa a cikin tsarin sarrafa Ubuntu akwai kayan aikin da yawa don tsara haɗin Intanet ɗin da ake buƙata. Mai amfani da hanyar sadarwa yana da kebantaccen zane, wanda ke sauƙaƙe aikin, musamman ga masu farawa. Koyaya "Terminal" yana ba da izini don sassauƙar sanyi ta hanyar shigar da waɗannan sigogin da ba su cikin amfani.

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